JOSÉ RODRIGUES DOS SANTOS

 .

José Rodrigues dos Santos

responde a críticas:

“Colombo, fascismo e História”

𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑖 𝑎𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝟸, 𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑢-𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒 “𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒” 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜”, 𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑢 𝑢𝑚𝑎 “𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙”

𝐴 𝑐𝑟𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑎̃𝑜, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢 𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠: 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑢 𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝟼𝟹𝟸 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖́𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑣𝑎̃𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑒 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝐿𝑜́𝑡𝑢𝑠, 𝑒 𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜, 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑜́𝑡𝑢𝑠, 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜.

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑣𝑎̃𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜. 𝐷𝑖𝑧 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠, 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “ℎ𝑎́ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑒́𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜” 𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜 ℎ𝑎́ 𝑢𝑚 “𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜” 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠.

𝑂𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑢 𝑛𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝟸 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒̂𝑠”, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑛𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒, ℎ𝑎́ 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠” 𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑂 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝟼𝟹𝟸 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑚 𝟸𝟶𝟶𝟻, “ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑢́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠”, 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑎𝑡𝑒́ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎 𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜, 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑜.

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑚𝑢́𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑎̀𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐̧𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑’𝐴𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜. 𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑜𝑢 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑢 𝑠𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚-𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠.

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜, 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑖 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑢 𝐿𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝟷𝟻𝟶𝟺 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑢 𝑛𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑢́𝑑𝑜 𝑒́ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑒𝑠𝑖 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝟷𝟻𝟶𝟽. 𝑀𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑢 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑠𝑜́ 𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑡𝑎́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑠”, 𝑎𝑙𝑒́𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎. 𝐸́ 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎?

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠, 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒́ 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒́𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠, 𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒́ 𝑓𝑎́𝑐𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑒̂-𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑢́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜. 𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠. 𝑆𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒̂𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑠 “𝑠𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠” – 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝟸.

𝑂𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑎 𝐺𝑒́𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝑎̃𝑜 𝑜 𝑀𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑔𝑜 𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜. 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖-𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎́ 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎 𝑡𝑒́𝑐𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎.

𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎-𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜 “𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜” 𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑎. 𝐴 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜, 𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑥𝑒-𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑟-𝑙ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑢 𝑒𝑚 𝟸𝟶𝟶𝟾 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟-𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑜 “𝑎 𝟿𝟿%” 𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠. 𝐽𝑎́ 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑎̃𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜. 𝐴𝑐ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ “𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒”?

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑚, 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑧 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑠 𝑎̀𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜-𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 “𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑠” 𝑒 “𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜”, 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜-𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜” 𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑓𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚”.

𝑆𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑠. 𝐴 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑒́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑛𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒, 𝑒𝑚 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠, 𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑜-𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑎 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠-𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒́𝑜𝑛-𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑗𝑢́𝑟𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑒𝑥-𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑜, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐿𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒. 𝐴 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑖 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑚 𝟷𝟿 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑗𝑢́𝑟𝑖 𝑢𝑚𝑎 “𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜”. 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑎𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 “𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜” 𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜”.

𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑒́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐̧𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜. 𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟-𝑙ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑚 𝟷𝟿𝟷𝟻 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖 𝑑’𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖 𝑅𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑧𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑢𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑚 𝑛𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑧𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑎̀ 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎. 𝐸𝑚 𝟷𝟿𝟷𝟿 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑐𝑢𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑜́𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑗𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑚𝑖́𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜, ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑎́𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎̃𝑜 𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑠, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙, 𝑒𝑡𝑐.

𝑂𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑢 𝑗𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝐼𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑑’𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎 – 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎, 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖. 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝟷𝟿𝟷𝟽 𝑛𝑎 𝑅𝑢́𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎, 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 “𝑠𝑒𝑗𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑚-𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜”, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜: “𝑠𝑎𝑢́𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑡𝑎 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑠 (…) 𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜”.

𝑂 𝑐𝑎𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑎 𝑅𝑢́𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎, 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑢 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠 – 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎́𝑠. 𝐷𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜́𝑠-𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 “𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎, 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜, 𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙”. 𝑁𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎, 𝑒𝑚 𝟷𝟿𝟺𝟻, 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒: “𝑓𝑢𝑖 𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎”.

𝑆𝑎̃𝑜 𝑚𝑢́𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑜́𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜, 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑎 𝑂𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖, 𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑧𝑖𝑜, 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖 𝑎 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑎 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑖, 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖 𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑜. 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑖, 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎, 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑎, 𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑗𝑑𝑎, 𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜, 𝑒́ 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐̧𝑎 “𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎(𝑚)”.

𝐴 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑒́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜” 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎̃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎. 𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑖 𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚 – 𝑠𝑖𝑚, 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑒́ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜́𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜̃𝑒𝑚 𝑎̀ 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑟 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠.

𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚? 𝐴𝑖́ 𝑣𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠. 𝑀𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑢 𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 “𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎-𝑒𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎”; 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑜 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑢 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑛𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑎̃𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑢 𝑜𝑠 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 (…) 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑠, 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎”; 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑖 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑢 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 (𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜) 𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑜”; 𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑢 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑎 “𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜”; 𝑅𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑢 𝑑𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑎 ‘𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒’ 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜”; 𝐹𝑟𝑒́𝑑𝑒́𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑖 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜” 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 “𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑢 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜, 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜”; 𝐴𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑢 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎”; 𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖́ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑎.

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑠, 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑖𝑎 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖, 𝑜 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜, 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒; 𝑂 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 – 𝐷𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜 – 𝑂 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎̀ 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑢́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎 𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑖; 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑜 – 𝐷𝑒 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑜́ 𝑎𝑜 𝑃𝐶𝐼, 𝐴 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝐵𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑖; 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎: 𝑂 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎, 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖; 𝑂𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖 – 𝐷𝑎 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝑎𝑜 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜, 𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝐿𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑖; 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑎̃𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑎 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎 – 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎̀ 𝐶𝐺𝐼𝐿 (𝟷𝟿𝟸𝟾-𝟷𝟿𝟺𝟾), 𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑒; 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑒 – 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠, 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎, 𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑛; 𝑒 𝐴 𝐸𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 – 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑈𝑚 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝐹𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑑𝑒 𝐺𝑖𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑝𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜.

𝐿𝑒𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜” 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑜 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚. 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑜 𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒, 𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑚 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑎 “𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜-𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑎́𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒́𝑐𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑎, 𝑏𝑜𝑎 𝑒𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎̃𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒, 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎”, 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑜 𝑑𝑒 “𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜” 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 “𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑜”.

𝐽𝑎́ 𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜-𝑙ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙’ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑟𝑒, 𝑑𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒̂𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜. 𝑁𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑎, 𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑢 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 “𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑎”, 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒́, 𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑗𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒́ 𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑜𝑢 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖́𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎. 𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐̧𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑜́ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎́-𝑙𝑜𝑠. 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝟸 𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑢 𝑎 𝑠𝑖.

𝑄𝑢𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑠? 𝑂 𝑠𝑒𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑎́ 𝑣𝑎́𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜-𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑚. 𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒̂𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒́𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑠 𝑗𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜. 𝑆𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑚 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢? 𝑂𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠, 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 “𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑜”. 𝐴ℎ, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙”!

𝑁𝑎̃𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎. 𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑠. 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝟸𝟻 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑎 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑎 𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎. 𝐴 𝑐𝑖𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒́ 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜. 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑎́𝑠, 𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑢 𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑂 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑎, 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑜 𝐼𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑒 𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑒́𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑛, 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑜 𝑗𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑢 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑎, 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑜 “𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜”. 𝐺𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎́ 𝑑𝑒 𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑟, 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜.

𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒̂𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎. 𝑀𝑎𝑠, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑎 𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐̧𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑐̧𝑎̃𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐̧𝑜 𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑜, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑢́𝑚𝑒𝑠, 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑠, 𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑙ℎ𝑜𝑠, 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑜 𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑠. 𝑆𝑒𝑖 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐̧𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒́𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑎̃𝑜, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑠, 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑒́ 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑧𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠, 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐̧𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑠, 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜. 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒́𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜. 𝑁𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑖𝑥𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙, 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜.

𝐴 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠 𝑒́ 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜, 𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎. 𝑁𝑎̃𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑠 “𝑠𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠” 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒̂𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒̂𝑠. 𝑁𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑢 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑎. 𝑀𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑎́ “𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜̃𝑒𝑠” 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠. 𝑂𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖́𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑚-𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑎, 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑚 𝑂 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝟼𝟹𝟸, 𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎́𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠. 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎́ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑗𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎 𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜.

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑎̀𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜, 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑙ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑐̧𝑎 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑐̧𝑜̃𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑎̃𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎.

* Jornalista, grande escritor português contemporâneo

IN "VISÃO" - 02/10/23

NR: Não sabemos o que move pessoas a fazer críticas em cima de arame farpado e logo a  quem tem demonstrado ao longo da vida de escrita um trabalho aturado de investigação para  melhor poder construir a teia que o levará à conclusão de mais um excelente romance.

Também não sabemos se JRS faz bem em responder a invejosos como esse tal de Jesus, que treta de nome, se não estará a perder tempo numa vida que a deve ter muito ocupada. 

De certeza vamos continuar a ler os seus livros que afastam os nossos pensamentos do 'orçamento de Estado', do novo aeroporto, das intrigas palacianas e dos dogmas pulhíticos, queremos sonhar.